Earlier quoted context omitted.
...and can be measured at home using a ruler and a mirror, pretty simply. Close one eye, align the ruler at 0 under that pupil. Open the other eye, close the first, read off the distance to the 2nd pupil.
I have done this a few times, and got inconsistent results. Distance to mirror, or camera to face, positioning of the ruler, they all seem to induce variability. Once I got a reproducible result and went with that, ordered progressive glasses online and they were… off. On another occasion I got PD (and prescription) numbers from optometrist at Visionworks, then took numbers and ordered from Zenni, and they were… off…
This means the frame must be chosen and fitted to you before any of these are measured.
It becomes a 2D measurement.
There is a lot more to it (vertex distance, pantoscopic tilt etc) but the above is the absolute minimum.