Earlier quoted context omitted.
Indeed. On the desktop, this is also known as a firewall. All apps practically think they have "network permissions", but if they actually try to make a connection, it will either time out or return errors.
What operating systems have built in support for firewalling specific applications?
Whenever a version of an app wants to provide a network service, Windows first asks if this specific app can provide network services on this class of network (public connection or private connection). So it is not just builtin, but for a particular class of restriction even easy to use. Blocking consumption of resources is an advanced feature though.
I used to use a program called "firestarter" on Linux, which provided a way to block specific apps. Long time since I've done that though, since most of the untrusted apps on Linux are Chrome and the ones you run in Firefox.