No database. Just flat files cached in memory on demand, IIRC. I think about that when people worry about scalability. HN seems to do okay.
"I already have problems enough with that. Remember, the original motivation for HN was to test a new programming language, and moreover one that's focused on experimenting with language design, not performance. Every time the site gets slow, I fortify myself by recalling McIlroy and Bentley's famous quote
The key to performance is elegance, not battalions of special cases.
and look for the bottleneck I can remove with least code. So far I've been able to keep up, in the sense that performance has remained consistently mediocre despite 14x growth. I don't know what I'll do next, but I'll probably think of something."