> Poor democracies have no incentive to sign up to a cartel without rich countries' wealth
Of course they do. The cartel will easily bribe them - whichever politicians need incentivized - to leave the door open. They don't require much of an opening.
Visa is now worth more than every US or global bank - such as JP Morgan, HSBC or Bank of America - and worth more than twice what the largest tech company in Europe (SAP) is worth. Mastercard is worth 70% more than SAP.
These types of massive companies can trivially grease any and all wheels to embed themselves deeper into the global economy. What else do companies like Visa and Mastercard have to spend their extreme brand-bullshit margins on? If you're those guys, the only thing worth directing your flood of endless high margin profit at is to get locked deeper into the global economy. They can afford to purchase infinite lubrication for all practical purposes. Take Visa as an example. They have 50% net income margins - laughably extreme - because they have absolutely nothing else to do with their business other than collect the cash as it rolls in, and then look at ways to ensure their parasite position is perpetual and continues to expand.