Why couldn't you vacuum insulate the electronics and place some kind of radiative cooling on top of them? You'd need the cooler to be able to radiate all the radiative energy coming into the chamber from outside it, plus what the electronics generate. You'd want the thermos type chamber to be reflective to radiation from one side only. It would depend on how low energy you can get the electronics, plus how efficient…
Radiative cooling only works if you have a hot source and a relatively cooler sink - on Earth, usually the atmosphere.
On Venus the atmosphere is ~462 °C at the surface, so it's going to be much hotter than your electronics - so your sink will be hotter than your source, so the "raditaive cooling" will run in reverse.
Also, the atmospheric pressure on Venus is very high - 92 atmospheres at the surface - the equivalent of being 1km underwater on Earth. Maintaining a vacuum chamber with this much outside pressure (not to mention temperature) would be an incredible feat of materials engineering - and would probably by extremely heavy.
You would also still need sensors and communications outside your vacuum chamber, otherwise your expensive probe can't actually do anything useful.