Earlier quoted context omitted.
I’d guess that the upper limit is stability rather than thermal capacity at that point
What does stability mean, a bit more exactly? Just curious
This upper limit depends on process, layout, power design and power limits of the CPU.
Last but, not the least, not all CPUs are created equal on a wafer. I came from an era where we hunted plain blue AMD Athlon dies for higher overclocking potential, since they were from center of the wafer and they were more stable under high load/voltage/clock. I had a 2200MHz Athon (200 x 11) which was faster then AMD's own 2200MHz Athlons, since AMD wasnt offering a 200MHz bus version of their 2200MHz parts.