The top answer on stackexchange is a superb explanation of musical science that most of the finest musicians in history could not give you. They just don't teach you these things in music class. Musical culture seems to resist illumination, perhaps fearing that the "magic" will somehow be broken. The irony is that music is , in a sense, a mathematical illusion, but revealing the trick only makes it more fascinating.…
Of course they teach those things in "music class". They teach them in music theory class at university level for a start. You're creating a strawman. Just look at the Wikipedia entry on tuning, for example: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_tuning Do you think that was all created by non-musicians while 'most of the finest musicians in history' cowered in the corner afraid of the magic being broken?
We covered it more deeply (including, gasp, math) in a higher-level electronic music class.
It's probably true that many fine musicians won't think much about the mathematical side of music very often at all (practically speaking, this knowledge is not necessary to master an instrument), but certainly anyone who's gone through an academic music education will have covered it, quite possibly more than once.