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Why is nuclear fusion so hard?

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161–170 of 182 posts

Re: Why is nuclear fusion so hard?

#161

Earlier quoted context omitted.

Yes, it's absurd to consider that there will be any large-scale violation of thermodynamics in the indefinitely far future. Literally, nothing is less probable.

Literally nothing is less probable? Alright then. I don't know why we bother with science any more since you've apparently got this one in the bag.

Non sequitur, and rude.

Re: Why is nuclear fusion so hard?

#162
post #140

Earlier quoted context omitted.

What I got from the first article you linked is that Thorium reactors produce less radioactive waste but are unproven technologies.

Don't stop at the first sentence. Read the whole article. It answers the propaganda claim of "less radioactive waste": "Less" is only if need thorium would magically materialize out of nothing, that is, if you ignore the whole process. In reality, thorium inevitably has to be prepared with uranium rectors: "Thorium cannot in itself power a reactor; unlike natural uranium, it does not contain enough fissile material t…

Remember, the longer the half life, the less dangerous the waste as it dumps its energy more slowly. Consider technetium-99, for instance (from Wiki):

"The weak beta emission is stopped by the walls of laboratory glassware. Soft X-rays are emitted when the beta particles are stopped, but as long as the body is kept more than 30 cm away these should pose no problem. The primary hazard when working with technetium is inhalation of dust; such radioactive contamination in the lungs can pose a significant cancer risk."[1]

Laboratory glassware, safe distance 30cm. Hardly a "pretty deep hole"!

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium-99

Re: Why is nuclear fusion so hard?

#163
Maybe we just haven't tried hard enough.

While researching a comment for another thread I discovered an interesting fact: the US has now spent approximately as much money on fusion research ever (since 1955) as it did on the Manhattan project, alone. Perhaps we shouldn't be so surprised that progress is so slow.

Re: Why is nuclear fusion so hard?

#164

Earlier quoted context omitted.

It continues like this though: > The low power outputs occurring inside the fusion core of the Sun may also be surprising, considering the large power which might be predicted by a simple application of the Stefan–Boltzmann law for temperatures of 10 to 15 million kelvins. However, layers of the Sun are radiating to outer layers only slightly lower in temperature, and it is this difference in radiation powers between…

> So if a m^3 of sun core was moved to a powerplant it would generate a lot more energy. Yes, for a tiny fraction of a second as it exploded. Its pressure would far beyond what any material could withstand (and magnetic confinement does that change that, as the outward pressure has to eventually be carried by the magnet support structure).

Just to expand on that: the kinetic energy of the particles in 1 m^3 of the material at the core of the Sun is equivalent to the yield of a 5 megaton bomb. So when I say "exploded" I really mean it.

Re: Why is nuclear fusion so hard?

#165

This is probably another ignorant question, but why can't we "aim" and shoot protons at each other to make them smack together without requiring all that heat and pressure?

I've wondered, aren't there any fusible elements that can be solids in vacuum? Then shoot pellets at each other at a sizable fraction of c. Way better density than a particle beam. For instance, lithium-6 is a stable solid metal with the right nucleon composition and binding energy to fuse into carbon-12. I have no idea if it actually would to a useful degree.

Solid in a vacuum at what temperature?

Re: Why is nuclear fusion so hard?

#167
post #162
post #140

Earlier quoted context omitted.

Don't stop at the first sentence. Read the whole article. It answers the propaganda claim of "less radioactive waste": "Less" is only if need thorium would magically materialize out of nothing, that is, if you ignore the whole process. In reality, thorium inevitably has to be prepared with uranium rectors: "Thorium cannot in itself power a reactor; unlike natural uranium, it does not contain enough fissile material t…

Remember, the longer the half life, the less dangerous the waste as it dumps its energy more slowly. Consider technetium-99, for instance (from Wiki): "The weak beta emission is stopped by the walls of laboratory glassware. Soft X-rays are emitted when the beta particles are stopped, but as long as the body is kept more than 30 cm away these should pose no problem. The primary hazard when working with technetium is i…

That's completely irrelevant to the issues mentioned, once again:

"Protactinium separations provide a pathway for obtaining highly attractive weapons-grade uranium 233 from thorium fuel cycles. The difficulties of safeguarding commercial spent fuel reprocessing are significant for any type of fuel cycle, and thorium is no exception."

Re: Why is nuclear fusion so hard?

#168

Earlier quoted context omitted.

Literally nothing is less probable? Alright then. I don't know why we bother with science any more since you've apparently got this one in the bag.

Non sequitur, and rude.

No ruder than calling their parent comment absurd. In fact, I thought it was a clever way of pointing out the hubris in your statement, which I likewise read as "no intelligence in the universe in the next several billion years is likely to have a significantly more advanced understanding of the universe's physical laws and properties."

Re: Why is nuclear fusion so hard?

#169
post #165

Earlier quoted context omitted.

I've wondered, aren't there any fusible elements that can be solids in vacuum? Then shoot pellets at each other at a sizable fraction of c. Way better density than a particle beam. For instance, lithium-6 is a stable solid metal with the right nucleon composition and binding energy to fuse into carbon-12. I have no idea if it actually would to a useful degree.

Solid in a vacuum at what temperature?

Whatever's practical for your giant pea-shooter and reaction chamber. But lithium is a soft metal at room temperature, so this part doesn't seem too constraining.

Re: Why is nuclear fusion so hard?

#170
post #113

Earlier quoted context omitted.

> So if a m^3 of sun core was moved to a powerplant it would generate a lot more energy. Would it? Or would it expand into basically normal hydrogen and helium?

Provided you could keep the plasma contained in magnetic fields, it would certainly generate plenty of free neutrons to provide heat for substantial power generation.

It would produce negligible quantities of neutrons.
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