You’d have to walk back from who owns the medical office. If it’s the doctor who owns the office, then that would be the where responsibility ends.
Doctors already have a responsibility to safeguard the privacy of their patient e.g. interviewing minors-turned-young-adults on their own and asking if they have permission to share the patient’s health information with their parents or guardians.
If the doctor installed the lock manually and there was a reasonable expectation to install a lock of a certain strength, then yes the doctor would be responsible.
If the doctor hired someone else e.g. a locksmith or the property management, then the people who were hired would be responsible so long as they were informed that they needed a particular kind of lock, they were certified to perform the installation, and there were laws on the books for the each of those kinds of responsibilities.
It definitely seems onerous, burdensome, and expensive, but the costs of these kinds of security breaches have been severely discounted by those who have the power to otherwise act.