Great, if you end up building one, keep us updated (here or on Twitter).
1) Yes, this is DCS (Data Collection System) data. It's a very low bandwidth signal (300 or 1200 baud) that ground stations uplink to GOES on UHF. I found there are about 20k separate transmitters in some asset database I once found somewhere. Every one (or the set that's still active) transmits a tiny packet every N minutes (some every minute, others every 30 minutes). This data is also broadcast as part of the LRIT (GOES-15) and HRIT (GOES-16 and GOES-17) streams. There is no processing for this data in the goestools package yet, but you can get the originals and walk over the data. When I last looked at it, the format looked different per receiver, it is possible this is a per-vendor type of thing. Anyway, yes, you can get a copy of this data with the receiver described in the OP guide. See https://github.com/pietern/goestools/issues/11 for some more links.
2) AFAICT MODIS is a product derived from the Aqua and Terra satellites. Both are polar orbiting sats. You can look them up here https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/81 and it looks like they don't pack a "direct readout" transmitter, so you wouldn't be able to receive anything directly yourself. Compare this to the page for GOES-16 at https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/152 and you see there are a bunch of frequencies with details listed.