Earlier quoted context omitted.
Similarities between iOS and macOS don't have much to do with it. The reason the Android emulator is slow is that it is actually emulating an ARM CPU. The iOS simulator, on the other hand, is running an iOS natively built for x86, and Xcode targets the x86 architecture when you build your app for the simulator.
It certainly doesn’t hurt that the simulator only needs to run the iOS front end on top of macOS Darwin instead of a full copy of iOS, though. Couldn’t something similar be done with Android on Linux, running x86 Android and using the host system’s kernel?
Uh, no. The simulator literally boots an entire copy of iOS, with its own libraries, frameworks, and utilities, that's entirely separate from the host OS.