http://rosalind.info (named after Rosalind Franklin) is similar, for bioinformatics. It has the advantage over Project Euler that it provides some background and hints to the solution to the problem it presents, plus an additional graph structure of concept dependencies. Many of the bioinformatics problems are also pure Math and CS, so it's probably of broad interest beyond just an interest in biology.
My one criticism is that the examples for some problems are trivial and don't adequately account for any of the complexity of the problem. It can feel a bit like the "Learn to Drawn an Owl" meme: Step 1) Draw an oval. Step 2) Draw the rest of the owl.