Earlier quoted context omitted.
You just let the page refresh. It's really not that much different. I am not saying don't use JS for UX improvements mind you. But your comment suggests that any other approach makes no sense. If you have a massive form that has 12 fields then it would be a huge help, but just a couple of text fields? Why replicate the backend validation in client side JS when it's already there on the backend? Then you would have to…
Needing a page refresh for input validation degrades experience. "Then you would have to maintain two code pathways in two different languages in two different locations if you need to update the validation rules." Not necessarily. You can use the same exact code, in the same location written in the same language.
My main point is just that the implication that JS is required otherwise the UX will be unbearable is false. It's also really easy to mess up the UX with JS and I see it constantly. I would take a fast form post over a cumbersome JS powered experience any day.