The reasons Washington can't come up with real solutions are simple: ideology and money.
A big chunk of Washington firmly believes that socialized medicine is evil, and they will fight it. It doesn't matter what the facts are, it's part of their identity at this point.
For the rest, the desires of insurance companies and similar get in the way. For example, the main, perhaps only reason the ACA didn't include a public option is because Joe Lieberman, Senator from a state where the health insurance industry is huge, refused to vote for a bill that included it and his vote was required for passage.
If lawmakers wanted to fix things, it would be easy: study the systems of other first-world countries and incorporate the things that work best into ours. But "something that works well" is way down on the list of priorities.