Earlier quoted context omitted.
Same here. I understand perfectly everything that was said in the video but I still don't understand how the fourth dimension quite works. However, having only heard of hypercubes and not hyperspheres before I decided to see if there was anything useful about them online and I found this video that I just started watching and already 1 min 50 sec into the video something very interesting was said; > Everybody knows w…
Another quote from the video I linked in parent comment. 6:19 > As complex numbers are to real numbers, quaternions are to complex numbers. It's like a way to build up even further. [...] Real numbers are one-dimensional. Complex numbers are two-dimensional. [...] For three dimensions there is no natural number system, but for four dimensions there is and it looks like this.
4D Toys: a box of four-dimensional toys
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Re: 4D Toys: a box of four-dimensional toys
#42This is very cool. It reminds me of the classic geometry novel Flatland. If you like thinking about dimensionality I highly recommend it... https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatland
Re: 4D Toys: a box of four-dimensional toys
#43It seems like it should work similarly; deform a 4-frustum into a 4-cube and drop one or two of the axes. I guess the number of axes you can drop depends on the symmetry of the frustum...
Re: 4D Toys: a box of four-dimensional toys
#44This looks fantastic. If I had a VR device I would get this immediately. I've always had a fascination with trying to grok higher dimensions. I think it's just about impossible to have an intuitive understanding of it - 3D spacial reasoning is in our wiring through both nature and experience. You know the theory of how language shapes your thinking? For example, in societies where there is no separate word for orange…
Often when I see something about 4d it uses this same analogy: a 2d being seeing a crosssection of a 3d world, in 2d. However, the video is in 2d, and it's able to show 3d in a much better/more clear way, clearly, cause when it's showing that example it's got a cutout of the "3d" view (which is still 2d!). Why can't we do the same thing with 4d? Why does the object just disappear when it bounces into the 4th dimensio…
Re: 4D Toys: a box of four-dimensional toys
#45This looks fantastic. If I had a VR device I would get this immediately. I've always had a fascination with trying to grok higher dimensions. I think it's just about impossible to have an intuitive understanding of it - 3D spacial reasoning is in our wiring through both nature and experience. You know the theory of how language shapes your thinking? For example, in societies where there is no separate word for orange…
Put it this way: Riemannian (and as a special case, "ordinary") geometry is based around the inner product , which gives you both angles and projection (and 2D shadows from 3D objects, for example) and lengths. You learn a lot about this (not in the "curve" differential-geometric sense, but most of the intuition carries over) in college linear algebra: you learn to think about entire vector subspaces having orthogonal complements as defined by the inner product. On the other hand: length (even if curved) in that direction is the same as length in this direction, i.e. the inner product is a symmetric bilinear map.
Symplectic geometry is built on a skew-symmetric bilinear map (the symplectic form) so that w(u,v)=-w(v,u). In 2D, the symplectic form is equivalent to the determinant: note that this is an oriented or signed area rather than an absolute-value one. And then in 3D, there is no symplectic form (it's rather fun to prove this) such that there is no vector (apart from the origin) that collapses all the other.
Anyway, the challenging thing about this, writing my dissertation, is that unlike with linear algebra where you can gradually extend intuition from the real line to the plane to 3D space and then think "ok, I think I can grok this in 500 dimensions" (and go do multivariate statistics, for example), in symplectic geometry there is either the trivial case (and again, this is the determinant and not particularly "new" to you) or the 4D case next.
And then you can't draw pictures. YOU CAN'T DRAW PICTURES. This is such an intuition-fucker. Books that need the symplectic form right away and can't waste time on the geometry merely note that the symplectic form at higher dimension is the sum of projections of 2D determinants. Ok, wait why?
But here's the fun thing (that maybe I've spoiled by talking about inner products first): while you're proving that there can't be a symplectic form in odd-dimensional spaces, you stumble upon a parallelism between symplectic complements, i.e. the sets
symp(W) = { u | w(u,v)=0 for all v in W}
and orthogonal complements, i.e. the sets
orth(W) = { u | =0 for all v in W}
Namely that they're kernel sets of the bilinear maps and w(.,.) (and because w(u,v)=0 implies w(v,u)=0, they're both left- and right-kernels). Moreover any vector z can be uniquely expresseed as
u+v where u is in W and v is in orth(W)
or alternately
p+q where p is in W and v is in symp(W)
So Riemannian geometry and symplectic geometry are like ways to split a vector space in complementary parts. Now, because there's Riemannian/euclidean geometry on a line and on the plane, you can build a geometry where there are planes orthogonal to lines, i.e. a 3D geometry. And maybe you have a timeline across which 3D spaces are strung together, ie. 4D space. But this 4D space of yours isn't symplectic. So it's realy hard to see.
So if you look for "symplectic geometry" on YouTube you're bound to find Dusa McDuff's lecture where she starts by writing in big bold letters in the blackboard:
4 = 3 + 1 4 = 2 + 2
... and that's a way to "see" four dimensions: to see entirely different geometries built on it.
Re: 4D Toys: a box of four-dimensional toys
#46With the 2D->3D they are taking cross-section, I really don't like these. Just throw it all on there ! This would also mean you project your 4D world on a 3D camera, you project on a 2D surface to display.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVo2igbFSPE <= this method is "saner" imo.
Re: 4D Toys: a box of four-dimensional toys
#47This looks fantastic. If I had a VR device I would get this immediately. I've always had a fascination with trying to grok higher dimensions. I think it's just about impossible to have an intuitive understanding of it - 3D spacial reasoning is in our wiring through both nature and experience. You know the theory of how language shapes your thinking? For example, in societies where there is no separate word for orange…
Often when I see something about 4d it uses this same analogy: a 2d being seeing a crosssection of a 3d world, in 2d. However, the video is in 2d, and it's able to show 3d in a much better/more clear way, clearly, cause when it's showing that example it's got a cutout of the "3d" view (which is still 2d!). Why can't we do the same thing with 4d? Why does the object just disappear when it bounces into the 4th dimensio…
Re: 4D Toys: a box of four-dimensional toys
#48What annoys me most: "thing disappear" I don't recall 3D -> 2D mapping making things disappear, just surfaces hiding other surfaces. But this might not work in 4D? With the 2D->3D they are taking cross-section, I really don't like these. Just throw it all on there ! This would also mean you project your 4D world on a 3D camera, you project on a 2D surface to display. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVo2igbFSPE <= thi…
That having been said, I don't have any clue what a 4D projection into 3D space would look like. I suspect we would have much more difficulty understanding it.
Re: 4D Toys: a box of four-dimensional toys
#49This looks fantastic. If I had a VR device I would get this immediately. I've always had a fascination with trying to grok higher dimensions. I think it's just about impossible to have an intuitive understanding of it - 3D spacial reasoning is in our wiring through both nature and experience. You know the theory of how language shapes your thinking? For example, in societies where there is no separate word for orange…
Often when I see something about 4d it uses this same analogy: a 2d being seeing a crosssection of a 3d world, in 2d. However, the video is in 2d, and it's able to show 3d in a much better/more clear way, clearly, cause when it's showing that example it's got a cutout of the "3d" view (which is still 2d!). Why can't we do the same thing with 4d? Why does the object just disappear when it bounces into the 4th dimensio…
Yes, you can. This program just doesn't.
Re: 4D Toys: a box of four-dimensional toys
#50What annoys me most: "thing disappear" I don't recall 3D -> 2D mapping making things disappear, just surfaces hiding other surfaces. But this might not work in 4D? With the 2D->3D they are taking cross-section, I really don't like these. Just throw it all on there ! This would also mean you project your 4D world on a 3D camera, you project on a 2D surface to display. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVo2igbFSPE <= thi…