Both TypeScript and JSX are optional, you don't have to use either with them.
There is a ton of different choices out there to choose from if React and Angular are not your thing.
One example: Ember.js recently moved their rendering into a standalone library called Glimmer (https://glimmerjs.com), which is a bit React-like in its approach but nonetheless different. They advocate Typescript as well but don't require it.
Elm seems like a thing people like as well, check it out here: http://elm-lang.org - but it's a js compiler so it's also what you might classify as a "proprietary" tech.
If you haven't already, check out http://todomvc.com - it's the same sample todo app built in a buttload of frameworks so you can compare which one you like.