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Do you mean the technical details behind how a file system work internally, or how the files and the filesystem layout in a Linux/Ubuntu system are structured?
> what general practices various applications follow when they install to my Ubuntu instance Run: $ man hier It describes the file system hierarchy.
Earlier quoted context omitted.
> It could theoretically not be mounted at all, if all subdirectories are mounted individually (or it used to, I'm not convinced that's still the case). The submounts need something to mount on. Root could conceivably be an in-memory only filesystem with a few directories automatically populated for submounts to mount on, though.
that's called initramfs.
A good book, but not widely known (maybe a little low level, but still...) Ah, it's also free ;) From the the haiku project website: https://www.haiku-os.org/legacy-docs/practical-file-system-d...
From the horses mouth take a look at ext4 on ubuntu https://help.ubuntu.com/community/LinuxFilesystemsExplained
Then a 10,000 mile view, I'd take a look at UNIX and Linux https://www.amazon.com/UNIX-Linux-System-Administration-Hand...
There are more books I could list and papers on FileSystems. I will leave you with three particular books that have guided my career
If you want to look solely at Ubuntu. The Ubuntu Server book https://www.amazon.com/Official-Ubuntu-Server-Book-3rd/dp/01...
Unix Made Easy - https://www.amazon.com/UNIX-Made-Easy-John-Muster/dp/0072193...
Hope this helps
Brian Carrier File System Forensic Analysis https://g.co/kgs/lv7gVN
"UNIX Filesystems: Evolution, Design, and Implementation 1st Edition" by by Steve D. Pate
"Practical File System Design with the Be File System" by Dominic Giampaolo
If you are interested in alternatives, you can have a look at GoboLinux: https://gobolinux.org/?page=at_a_glance
Or have a look at NixOS, which has a different take: https://nixos.org/nixos/about.html http://funloop.org/post/2015-08-01-why-i-use-nixos.html