If you dial via a calling card, everything goes through their proxy before being handed off.
I've run into problems with services like Telegram not accepting my Google Voice number (my own real US number) and the recent NIST recommendations also state not to use SMS as 2-factor verification (citing VoIP concerns).
We have TLS/LetsEncrypt/etc to verify we're talking to who we think we're talking to on the Internet, but phone networks come from a previous era.
I worked for a telcom once in one country where if they no longer held a phone number (it got ported to another network), we just send it to all the other providers. The network that currently held the number would relay it and the others dropped it. I actually wrote the job to actually compare the ported number list and only forward to the right destination. Telecom is janky as shit.