The most underrated feature of TypeScript is not the language itself, but the transpiler. With the flick of a switch you can support ES3, ES5 and in future ES6 and beyond - without changing your code (not entirely true, but it is possible to write code that transpiles well to all JS standards). Decoupling your development from the shifting sands of JS support - across multiple browsers and platforms - is a dream come…
But if you're going to transpile, why not transpile from a real language, not a Turing tarpit?
(2) Transpiling from a whole different language means you have to port the standard runtime, otherwise you'd lose portability and familiarity, which are the two key advantages of transpiling from another, widely used language. Also, as JavaScript often runs in the browser this means downloading the runtime.
(3) The more different the two languages are, the more likely you'll run into surprising situations where feature X in language Y cannot be implemented in its original form in JavaScript, causing subtle incompatibilities between Y code written for the "original" Y compiler / interpreter and Y code that was meant to be transpiled.
(4) As someone else mentioned, TS is almost a superset of JS, which means mixing in JS code into TS code is much easier.
(5) What is a real language anyway?