I use redshift[0] on my linux machines which I really like. Cyanogenmod has LiveDisplay natively which is practically the same thing unfortunately it works off off gps location and not manually editable lang/long. Both are really helpful. [0] http://jonls.dk/redshift/
On Linux I use the 'Negative' Compiz plugin. You can apply it on a window by window basis or desktop-wide. For both modes there are keyboard shortcuts (that's what makes it such a killer feature IMO). People find the screen weird when I enable the plugin but I'm a practical guy and this has saved my eyesight. I know you can invert colors in OSX but the effect is desktop-wide and you can't use a hotkey to enable or di…
I haven't tried this myself, but I believe you could rig up something in Automator/Script Editor to toggle the inverted colors, then set up a hotkey for that service from System Preferences -> Keyboard -> Shortcuts.