HSTS Super Cookies

https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6797.txt

However, the spec doesn't propose a mitigation for it. I'm afraid many new security policy mechanisms can actually be used to track users or devices this way, because you can experiment to see whether the browser has heard about a particular security policy by observing its behavior when you ask it to violate the policy. If you tell different devices about different policies, their behavior will be different (as if you told different kids who were going to visit a park about different rules for how to behave in the park, and then observed who obeyed and who violated which rules as a way of identifying individual kids).

For example, you can also get tracking out of public key pinning, by selectively pinning certs for some subdomains and not others, and then seeing which subresources are successfully loaded when you present a huge number of pin violations. (I think that's also documented in the HPKP spec.)