Logic Programming (Prolog, ASP, etc) and GRAKN.AI (a distributed knowledge base)

This is why we can't have nice things:

“Find all the people who are named ‘Titus’”

In Graql:
match $x isa person, has firstname $y; $y val is “Titus”;
In ASP:
match(Person) :- isa(Person, person), has(Person, firstname, "Titus").
#show match/1.

Why can't it simply be "FIND people NAME 'Titus' " ?

Remember that you can build goals on top of these. This is just informative for people who already model things in logic programming languages.

Nothing stopping you from creating your own goal: `first_name(Name, Person) :- person(Person), person_name(Person, first, Name).`

and calling it `first_name("Titus", P).`

You can omit the optional value variable and have:

match $x isa person, has firstname 'Titus';

I am neither Byrd nor Friedman but I will try my best.

The short answer is that it doesn't compose very well, especially when doing relational programming.

Let's say that `people` is a record of some sort, and not a relation. That is, when we extract people, we get records of data which we can manipulate, and not a set of functions which let us relate the records to each other. Now, imagine a logical query which has the following steps:

    exists p :Person
    guard p.name == "Titus"
    exists gp :Person ? isGrandParent(gp, p)
    call scan(gp)
    return gp, p

How is this actually going to be executed? Well, you can imagine that first, we'll fetch a Person record, then we'll check if the name is "Titus", and then we'll fetch his grandparents, calling `scan` on each one. (No, I don't know why we would scan grandparents. Here in the USA, we actually let them skip the scanners.) Seems easy, right? What if we make a tiny swap...

    exists p :Person
    exists gp :Person ? isGrandParent(gp, p)
    call scan(gp)
    guard p.name == "Titus"
    return gp, p

Crap, this isn't the same program. We'll scan every grandparent, even ones without grandkids named Titus.

Relational operators are supposed to commute, but these ones don't commute! What happened? Well, accessing a runtime-computed non-relational fact, like the name of a person here, is an impure operation. It doesn't compose.

So! What's the right answer? We have to express the personname connection as a relation rather than a record:

    exists p :Person ? personHasName(p, "Titus")
    exists gp :Person ? isGrandParent(gp, p)
    call somePred(gp)
    return gp, p

Byrd's thesis glosses over this point and simply says that we should already have internalized the impurity of `project` or other projection operators.

Edit: I fixed some typos. Also, this paper [0] on my paperstack has Friedman as a co-author and purports to solve this problem in a generic way by adding pure symbolic constraints to miniKanren.

[0] https://arxiv.org/pdf/1701.00633.pdf

My wife is Indonesian and has only one name, her give name or first name. No surname. How do you address that in the example? A modifier of sorts?