thirty-one participants were moderate coffee-drinkers (CD, i.e., people that usually consume between 3 to 5 cups of coffee per day). 3-5 is moderate? To me, 3 is already high. Also, sample size is pretty low and they're all Irish.
This study is Irish, so I think they likely use 170ml cups? That means a normal mug of ~500ml is 3 cups. Perhaps they even use US coffee cup size, which is 118ml? Honestly, using an unit of measurement that varies from 118ml to 250ml in a scientific paper brings the whole paper into question.
A NORMAL mug of 500ml??? this is insanity to me