This may be a stupid question but I dont understand every aspect of bitcoin so bear with me. Is Bitcoin access coupled with one private key or multiple? Say someone has 10 bitcoin on their computer and a private key so its only accessible from that computer. That computer holds a lot of value. If the computer gets stolen theyve stolen all the bitcoins with it? Given that the secret to the private key can be broken at…
If you generate a new address with a wallet software, it'll have a private key (that is much longer than the deliveryAddress.length) and you can move your funds from an exchange to this address (whereupon you'll have complete control).
If you lose the private key it's [basically] impossible to recover with brute force, which is the point. If someone takes the physical hard disk from you and you have no backup of the info, yes, it's gone.
If you somehow have your info stolen, but still remember it (via air-gapped pc text file or something) you can move the funds before they get swiped. Again, use wallet software to generate a new address with a new private key and repeat.
So either you have a really good way to store your private addresses so you can still use your coins in the future, or you trust an exchange to hold the coins and you don't play in that realm at all. Those are the most popular options currently.