Earlier quoted context omitted.
The URLs don't need to be posted online. Some browsers (Chrome, possibly Firefox with Safe Browsing mode, very likely any browser with a Google Toolbar installed) send visited URLs to Google and they will be indexed. I don't know if this is officially documented by Google, but several people have reported seeing this while testing new/beta websites that weren't published or linked anywhere.
Wouldn't a proper robots.txt rule fix this?
However, as some of the discussion below points out, I don't believe that disallowing crawling of these URLs in our robots.txt would keep them from the index if a search engine finds reference to them elsewhere; I think it simply keeps them from being crawled.