Earlier quoted context omitted.
My understanding that almost all academics with tenure and even many without in the US calls themselves a ‘professor.’ I'm not sure what you're trying to say with that PDF - it doesn't even mention the word!
Their title would be something like lecturer. I suppose students might call them professor, or they might insist on being called professor just like some Ph.D graduates might insist on being called 'Doctor' even though they're not a medical doctor. An associate professor would at least be tenure-track.
Have you never heard of 'adjunct professors' in the US?
> An associate professor
In most countries people at the level of just associate professor don't call themselves 'professor.'
> like some Ph.D graduates might insist on being called 'Doctor' even though they're not a medical doctor
The title 'doctor' means you have a doctorate, or in some cases like the UK it's also used as a courtesy title for a medical professional with just a bachelors degree. PhDs, EngDs, DPhils, DLs, MDs, and more are all entitled to use it as much as each other.