There a whole bunch of features and fixes that each new version of the standard proclaimed, which severely affected usability, expressibility and convenience of the language. Describing many of them could easily take an hour. I'm sorry, I can only highlight a few of my particular favourites that I regularly use and let you study the rest changes.
https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/14
- fixed constexpr, which in C++11 was basically unusable
- great improvements for metaprogramming, which made such gems as `boost::hana` possible, such as variable templates and generic lambdas.
- function return type deduction
https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/17
- inline variables finally fixes the biggest pain of developing header-only libraries
- useful noexcept fix
- if constexpr + constexpr lambdas
- structured bindings
- guaranteed copy elision
- fold expressions
I'm at automotive where due to safety requirements we just barely started to work with C++17, so I don't have much practical experience of the standards past it, though I'm aware there are great updates too.
Overall - C++11 is as horrible compared to C++17, as C++98 and roughly 03 were compared to ground breaking back then C++11. Personally, when I skim though job vacancies and see they are stuck at C++11, I pass it. Even C++14 makes me very sceptical, even though I used it really a lot. All due to new nice improvements of C++17.
https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/20
https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/23