> premium cards [are] commercial, corporate, or business cards issued by Visa and Mastercard [and attract more expensive fees, even compared to Amex] Does anyone know more about that? Why are they more expensive? Is there a different underlying cost structure, or simply price discrimination by some intermediary? There's more information on "premium cards" here[0], but it doesn't explain the price difference or why a…
Commercial interchange isn't regulated in Europe. The card networks have increased their interchange rates for commercial and business cards in many European countries.
> or why a separate category is needed
These fees have been moved into a separate category to contain increases to cards where network costs have increased significantly. (Rather than apply them more broadly.)