> taking all that risk to be compensated at a rate equivalent to 351 employees
Do you understand how risk works? If you take on more risk, you should be compensated for that risk, else it doesn't make sense for you to take so much risk if you can get the same reward by taking less risk.
Executives as a whole (CEOs, VPs, even directors!) take a lot more risk - career and financial risk - than your typical line engineers. Their success depends on the success of the initiatives they lead, which can be subject to macro or competitive factors entirely outside their control. Those initiatives are generally longer timeline, meaning they have less chances at bat (and thus higher variance in outcome) than an IC. And a shitty IC can always be rehired pretty much trivially. If your company fails with you at the helm, you're not getting another CEO job. For example, Carly Fiorina has never held another management role in a large multinational corporation after her failure at HP.
On top of that, executives have to hold a large portion of their compensation as stock which they are barred from selling as long as they work at the company. If the company tanks, they take a retroactive paycut, often times upwards of 50%. They don't get refreshers to boost their comp back to original levels like ICs either.
Yeah CEOs nowadays have quite excessive compensation. But they will never have compensation at a single digit multiple of the average employee. The risk they take is too big for that to sufficiently compensate them.