Earlier quoted context omitted.
People keep stating these look like photoshop filters. This is a very shallow dismissal imo. Why don't you prove it instead by applying some Photoshop filters and achieving a similar effect? Include how long it took as well.
Here's a tutorial I found online that achieves a similar effect in under 15 minutes: https://youtube.com/watch?v=XojsUNBLfic It takes the presenter about seven minutes to go from "image opened in Photoshop" to "comic-style effect applied to image", and that includes a verbal explanation of each step. (The rest of the video talks about things like making sure the image is an adequate size, and adding extra elements li…
After I wrote my original comment I thought about the filters. If Photoshop had a similar effect available as a filter, I'd assume it was achieved using a similar architecture as the OP presented.