Fantastic list! By the way, adventofcode.com is currently ongoing. Though the challenges are easy compared to the projects in this list, I highly recommend it. It covers problems you might face in big projects. With these small puzzles it's easy to experiment. It prepares you for bigger things.
For better or worse, adventofcode relies heavily on mathematical literacy that I suspect is neither all that common among developers nor all that important to most programming jobs. Plus there’s no good way within the context of the puzzles to find out what mathematical trick you need if you don’t already know; you need to go find a virtual water cooler. I may simply be biased because each year it reveals how little…
For 2015, and 2020 so far - its mostly text parsing, data structure building and basic iteration/permutations.