I think the answer is kind of obvious if you understand the foundations of mathematics. Any alien that was smart enough to manipulate written symbols according to rules would agree that our induction rules applied to our axioms would lead to our theorems, because proofs are a purely symbolic game that even a computer can do. Aliens might not agree on the axioms or induction rules except by pure coincidence, because e…
I personally hold that math is a science of sorts that is grounded in physical reality. What then if their maths were experimental in nature with less logical abstraction?
They could disagree about the emotional significance of abstract symbol games, but they wouldn't disagree about their conclusions.