Earlier quoted context omitted.
Maybe I misunderstood something, but I can't find anything in your comments that identifies a flaw with the underlying data model of Anki. It seems your issues are mostly about Anki's data management? So I would strongly suggest your check out anki-connect ( https://git.sr.ht/~foosoft/anki-connect ) which provides a REST API for CRUD operations on Anki notes, cards, decks, and media attachments. Or maybe if you can s…
Maybe "data model" is the wrong term. The last time I tried to use Anki for real, I wanted to set up some Chinese character cards, to be used by 2-3 different people. I found a couple apparently high-quality decks online and downloaded them, and they had lots of characters, including (mostly) ones that I didn't want to include for the users in question. Removing content from the decks seemed wrong. Trying to make an…
In terms of updating decks, I think the way it works is pretty intuitive: you have one static field (like in your Chinese example, maybe a particular character or word). When re-importing into a deck, as long as that one static identifying field is the same, all the other fields will be updated. If you want to even be able to change the character/word/whatever, you could make that static field an ID or such.
Also, it is a pretty common pattern for shared decks to come with gobs of cards. You then suspend all of them (sometimes they all come pre-suspended) and then unsuspend the ones you want to study, usually using tags. For example you download the 20k JLPT (Japanese Language Proficiency Test) Vocab deck, suspend them all, then unsuspend only the levels you want to study (say level 1 or whatever) or those tagged as being very common, or whatever. So imagine what you want to accomplish is probably possible with suspension and tags. Like assigning a tag for each student name or such.
Anki is definitely a power tool, like Photoshop or Neovim. It is generally confusing to use and requires some investment. And there is plenty about it I don't like (media management stands out). But like I said in my previous post, I've never found another tool that even comes close.