I don’t feel this is much of an illusion. I think you just can’t see the movement of gray on black. Or maybe this is what illusions are in a very simple form?
Let's say you recreate this effect by painting the pigeons onto a transparency sheet, and moving the sheet above a paper with a striped background. The pigeon shapes would appear to bend, when in fact they do not... so in physical form, it clearly is an illusion. As a pixelated image, I dunno: our insistence on viewing groups of pixels as shapes is an illusion to start with.
There really is an image there when viewed at the intended scale.