There is no memory safety without thread safety

- in other languages, it’s understood that perhaps the language is vulnerable to certain errors and one should attempt to mitigate them. But more importantly, those errors are one class of bug and bugs can happen. Set up infra to detect and recover.

- in Rust the code must be safe, must be written in a certain way, must be proven correct to the largest extent possible at compile time.

This leads to the very serious, solemn attitude typical of Rust developers. But the reality is that most people just don’t care that much about a particular type of error as opposed to other errors.

AFAIK it was just an `Rc`/`Arc` with the possibility of upgrading it to an actual GC in the future.

> in Rust the code must be safe, must be written in a certain way, must be proven correct to the largest extent possible at compile time.

Only for the Safe Rust subset. Rust has the 'unsafe' keyword that shows exactly where the former case does apply. (And even then, only for possible memory unsoundness. Rust does not attempt to fix all possible errors.)

Basically, functional languages make it easier to write code that is safe. But they aren't necessarily the fastest or the easiest to deal with. Erlang and related languages are a good example. And they are popular for good reasons.

Java got quite a few things right but it took a while for it to mature. Modern day Java is quite a different beast than the first versions of Java. The Thread class, API, and the language have quite a few things in there that aren't necessarily that great of an idea. E.g. the synchronized keyword might bite you if you are trying to use the new green threads implementation (you'll get some nice deadlocks if you block the one thread you have that does everything). The modern java.concurrent package is implemented mostly without it.

Of course people that know their history might remember that green threads are actually not that new. Java did not actually support real threads until v1.1. Version 1.0 only had green threads. Those went out of fashion for about two decades and then came back with recent versions. And now it does both. Which is dangerous if you are a bit fuzzy on the difference. It's like putting spoilers on your fiesta. Using green threads because they are "faster" is a good sign that you might need to educate yourself and shut up.

On the JVM, if you want to do concurrent and parallel stuff, Scala and Kotlin might be better options. All the right primitives are there in the JVM of course. And Java definitely gives you access to all it. But it also has three decades of API cruft and a conservative attitude about keeping backwards compatible with all of that. And not all of it was necessarily that all that great. I'm a big fan of Kotlin's co-routine support that is rooted in a lot of experience with that. But that's subjective of course. And Scala-ists will probably insist that Scala has even better things. And that's before we bring up things like Clojure.

Go provides a good balance between ease of use / simplicity and safety. But it has quite a few well documented blind spots as well. I'm not that big of a fan but I appreciate it for what it is. It's actually a nice choice for people that aren't well versed in this topic and it naturally nudges people in a direction where things probably will be fine. Rust is a lot less forgiving and using it will make you a great engineer because your code won't even compile until you properly get it and do it right. But it won't necessarily be easy (humbled by experience here).

With languages the popular "if you have a hammer everything looks like a nail" thing is very real. And stepping out of your comfort zone and realizing that other tools are available and might be better suited to what you are trying to do is a good skill to have.

IMHO python is actually undervalued. It was kind of shit at all of this for a long time. But they are making a lot of progress modernizing the language and platform and are addressing its traditional weaknesses. Better interpreting and jit performance, removing the GIL, async support that isn't half bad, etc. We might wake up one day and find it doing a lot of stuff that we'd traditionally use JVM/GO/Rust for a few years down the line. Acknowledging weaknesses and addressing those is what I'm calling out here as a very positive thing. Oddly, I think there are a lot of python people that are a bit conflicted about progress like this. I see the same with a lot of old school Java people. You get that with any language that survives that long.

Note how I did not mention C/C++ here so far. There's a lot of it out there. But if you care about safety, you should probably not go near it. I don't care how disciplined you are. Your C/C++ code has bugs. Any insistence that it doesn't just means you haven't found them yet. Possibly because you are being sloppy looking for them. Does it even have tests? There are whole classes of bugs that we can prevent with modern languages and practices. It's kind of negligent and irresponsible not to. There are attempts to make C++ better of course.

The issue with Python isn't just the GIL and lack of support for concurrency. It uses dynamic types (i.e. variant types) for everything. That's way too slow, it means every single variable access must go through a dispatch step. About the only thing Python has going for it is the easy FFI with C-like languages.