Earlier quoted context omitted.
The confusing thing is that the team behind SHAttered did choose a prefix - they just had to choose a common prefix rather than two different prefixes (choosing a common prefix simply changes the initial state used by SHA-1). So I'm hoping that my post clarifies this point a bit. The SHAttered attack (classical collision) can be used in practice - for example, my project https://github.com/nneonneo/sha1collider explo…
Is any practical application safe from Shattered but not Shambles?
The first chosen-prefix collision for SHA-1
321–330 of 369 posts
Re: The first chosen-prefix collision for SHA-1
#322This kind of thing always brings me down a bit. It's not rational, but it does. I mean I truly admire these folks skills, the math involved is obviously remarkable. But I think the feeling is related to not being able to rely on anything in our field. Hard to justify going to the trouble of encrypting your backup. 10 years from now, it might be as good as plain text. It's not security only, nothing seems to work in t…
I created an account just to chime in on this.
In short: horseshit.
Look, cryptology is a tricky field, but when it comes to standards development (especially OPEN standards development, without government intervention), it's mostly been hits, not misses. While there are occasional breaks and busts, the fact is, most of the trusted algorithms have remained trustworthy-- lasting through their designated lifespans, and often a lot longer. Many of the algorithms that you hear are "insecure" aren't really insecure due to any math advances; they have simply fallen victim to their already-known limitations, or are "insecure" when used in specific ways.
For instance, look at the Blowfish block cipher. Blowfish was designed and released almost thirty years ago. Its current biggest security issue is not some tricky biclique attack that allows key recovery on a desktop computer or something. The problem is that the block size is 64 bits, and in modern contexts, that's just too small-- networks shuffle enough bits around these days that a 32-gigabyte encrypted transfer is suddenly a realistic use case, and there are known attacks related to that. 64 bits was fine at the time, and the block size was a known limitation of the algorithm (birthday attacks are well-understood). The algorithm didn't fall; we outgrew the use case.
Going back even further: DES was released nearly FORTY-FIVE years ago. It was released with a 56-bit key, which was known at the time to likely be in brute-force range for certain Nation State Adversaries. It has the same block-size issue as Blowfish. But it's actually stood up to cryptanalysis pretty well, given the power of the attacks that have been developed since then. Triple-DES, properly used, is plenty secure for lots of applications-- it's still even promulgated as a standard algorithm for a lot of financial industry systems.
More germane to modern encryption practice, AES was standardized nearly 20 years ago, and has been studied for even longer. It's still a solid algorithm today. There are a few implementation caveats if you want to avoid things like cache timing issues, but the algorithm itself is holding up very nicely to mathematical advances-- the best known mathematical attacks drop the security levels by 1 to 4 bits, depending on key size, which is... well, it's worse than 0 bits, but it's certainly nothing to worry about. AES has been integrated into processor designs, it's used to protect US government information classified up to TOP SECRET, and it's supported by nearly every cryptographic suite out there-- because of all of that, the algorithm has remained a significant subject of ongoing research, and it has stood up to the scrutiny beautifully.
Cryptography is always advancing, and sometimes algorithms do fall to mathematical breakthroughs (RC4 has been battered pretty badly, for instance, and SHA-1 is clearly dead now). But for the most part, cryptologists try their damnedest to know the limitations of their algorithms, and they're pretty up front about them.
I'll also point out: cryptologists are aware that there's risk associated with mathematical advances, and they hedge their bets. Note that there is now a SHA-3 standard. That's not because the SHA-2 algorithms are dead. It's because, while we're pretty sure they're secure, the SHA-2 algorithms are cut from the same mathematical cloth as SHA-1 (they use the Merkle-Damgard construction). SHA-3 was standardized with the explicit purpose of adding diversity to the pool of standardized algorithms. NIST is currently running a post-quantum public-key standardization effort, and has made it very clear from the start that they'd like to select multiple "winners" from multiple categories. Part of this is to allow flexibility for different use cases (key size / message size / performance trade-offs vary wildly for different classes of algorithms). But another part is preventing a complete disaster if one class of algorithms is broken (either classically or with a quantum computer).
Re: The first chosen-prefix collision for SHA-1
#323Earlier quoted context omitted.
Is SHA1 not still faster than 256/512? And Blake2 barely faster? I suspect with some hardware SHA1 is still going to beat all of those out - am I wrong? I would love to learn more.
It's not about the speed, it's about the 'is it secure.'
Re: The first chosen-prefix collision for SHA-1
#324Earlier quoted context omitted.
No, the bridge collapsed because it was never touched again after initial deployment, for 10 years. How are buildings doing in Chernobyl? Don’t neglect your data, if you want to keep it safe always. :P
Dude, Chernobyl reactor by design was nuclear bomb. P.S. My father (still alive) was one of thousands of common liquidators of Chernobyl disaster from May to July 1986. Many of his coworkers, that lived with him in same tent, already dead.
Re: The first chosen-prefix collision for SHA-1
#325Quick question about the "What should I do" section. It says " use instead SHA-256 ". Isn't SHA-512 both better and faster on modern hardware?
SHA-256 and SHA-512 are both in the same family (SHA-2). Latacora says to use SHA-2. If you can get away with it, SHA-512/256 instead of SHA-256. But they're all SHA-2 family hash functions. https://latacora.micro.blog/2018/04/03/cryptographic-right-a... No need to bikeshed this. But if you must: SHA-512/256 > SHA-384 > SHA-512 = SHA-256 If you're wondering, "Why is SHA-384 better than SHA-512 and SHA-256?" the answe…
Re: The first chosen-prefix collision for SHA-1
#326Earlier quoted context omitted.
There's an MC Frontalot song called "Secrets from the Future" and the refrain is "You can't hide secrets from the future." It's something of a useful mantra to remind oneself that if "the future" is a part of your threat model, yes your encryption likely isn't enough because on a long enough timescale it is likely "the future" will crack it. As with any other security issue, the question is "what is your threat model…
> Or 10 years from now it might be the next Linear A tablets At some point in the future, after the universe has expanded to the extent that other galaxies are moving away from ours faster than the speed of light, someone might read our astronomy papers and wonder whether they can believe something that cannot be verified.
https://phys.org/news/2020-01-evidence-key-assumption-discov...
Re: The first chosen-prefix collision for SHA-1
#327Earlier quoted context omitted.
Incorrect, particular sets of ciphers are themselves doing just fine. There is no hint of well studied symmetric-key algorithms (like AES, which is in fact now over 20 years old) with long known sufficient key lengths "failing" (in terms of cold ciphertext being cracked) in 40 years, or 400 years for that matter. Even with a fully scalable general quantum computer, the best known improvement is Grover's Algorithm, wh…
DES is a good example here: it was designed ~45 years ago and it's still theoretically surprisingly strong when you compare it with other areas of cryptography. By that, I mean it's held up very well to cryptanalysis that attempts to find faster-than-brute-force techniques, with the best attack taking 2^43 time (vs. the 2^56 brute-force time). To be clear, 2^56 is trivially brute-force-able today, but that can be mit…
Youch, this broke my intuition.
"we’ve built a system with 48 Virtex-6 LX240Ts which can exhaust the keyspace in around 26 hours"
Re: The first chosen-prefix collision for SHA-1
#328This kind of thing always brings me down a bit. It's not rational, but it does. I mean I truly admire these folks skills, the math involved is obviously remarkable. But I think the feeling is related to not being able to rely on anything in our field. Hard to justify going to the trouble of encrypting your backup. 10 years from now, it might be as good as plain text. It's not security only, nothing seems to work in t…
Re: The first chosen-prefix collision for SHA-1
#329Earlier quoted context omitted.
Incorrect, particular sets of ciphers are themselves doing just fine. There is no hint of well studied symmetric-key algorithms (like AES, which is in fact now over 20 years old) with long known sufficient key lengths "failing" (in terms of cold ciphertext being cracked) in 40 years, or 400 years for that matter. Even with a fully scalable general quantum computer, the best known improvement is Grover's Algorithm, wh…
DES is a good example here: it was designed ~45 years ago and it's still theoretically surprisingly strong when you compare it with other areas of cryptography. By that, I mean it's held up very well to cryptanalysis that attempts to find faster-than-brute-force techniques, with the best attack taking 2^43 time (vs. the 2^56 brute-force time). To be clear, 2^56 is trivially brute-force-able today, but that can be mit…
Having to rent thousands of dollars in GPU-hours or using specialized hardware doesn't sound "trivial" to me. Practical, yes. Accessible even to a layman with money to spare, yes. Trivial? Hell no.