A lot of comments here suggest the Indian government is complacent in these types of operations, but I don't really believe that's the case.
The Indian central government is a pretty small and unpowerful entity. Beyond securing the countries borders, and keeping the currency spinning, the government doesn't have the ability or power to do much more. They are not especially well funded (taxes are seen as especially unwelcome culturally) and staffed by tenured officials who cannot be fired and have no incentive to perform beyond the bare minimum. The relative unity and peace holding the country together is not the lousy government, but really more Indian culture sticking together.
Police are also seen as having some level of authority in the country, but realistically there's only 1 police for every 1,000 citizens (source: https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/03/business/worldbusiness/03...) and the country is heavily heavily reliant on private security who are generally just villagers who are given a badge and rules to enforce.
Outside the big cities, government control is very limited. How else could the crop burning choking Delhi every winter continue?
So do these call centers operate with the blessing of the government? Probably not. Do they have to bribe police to operate? probably not. The government is probably unaware of scale of the problem, the police have their hands full taking care of their own people, and the American government wouldn't dare try a diplomatic solve as India's agreement with many foreign policy situations is mission critical.
Maybe it'd be better if in America we could try to get support off of the POTS and try to better connect to official brand sites or apps? Or we have phone plans/email plans for the elderly that don't allow stranger contact?