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What is ChatGPT doing and why does it work?

writings.stephenwolfram.com

261–270 of 518 posts

Re: What is ChatGPT doing and why does it work?

#261

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Its not programming anymore its prompting. Prompting it to write and run the program that does what you want.

I think, eventually, this is where we end up. In not too many years, our job is going to be reviewing and debugging machine generated code. A few years after that, we're mostly caretakers and just keeping a human behind the wheel until we decide we don't need to watch the machines anymore. Things are unfortunately going to get much more interesting much sooner than people expect.

There is no machine we've ever stopped watching. They all have to be maintained by people.

Re: What is ChatGPT doing and why does it work?

#262

Earlier quoted context omitted.

Yann LeCun often argues that animals like cats and dogs are substantially more intelligent than current LLMs [0] and I'd have to agree. I don't see how/why to consider practical knowledge as only constituting a tiny fraction of our overall intelligence. Either way, it's not clear if the GPT-* models will someday produce emergent common sense or if they're going down an entirely wrong path. [0] https://twitter.com/yle…

LeCun misses the point by a mile, which is weird at his level. LLMs absolutely do perform problem solving, every time you feed them a prompt. The problem-solving doesn't happen on the output side of the model, it happens on the input side. Someone objected that a cat can't write a Python program, and LeCun points out that "Regurgitating Python code does not require any understanding of a complex world." No, but a) in…

The difference here is that a cat or dog hasn't been trained to write a python program, and it probably isn't possible - the weights and activation functions of a cat brain simply won't allow it.

Re: What is ChatGPT doing and why does it work?

#263
post #139

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I mean, that is the fundamental architecture of the model and how it's explicitly designed: given an input embedding and output embedding, the model is trained over a massive corpus of text to optimize the probability for generating the next token in the sequence. Any other interpretation is secondary to that, no matter how impressive the results are.

There is no rule that implies the explicit design dominates the emergent effect. Evolutionary biology strives to make us logical creatures to fulfill the singular goal of passing on genetic material. Your sentience and your humanity is a side effect of this singular goal. So what dominates the description of who YOU are? Human or vessel for genetic material? I'll say that YOU are human and therefore more then just a…

> Evolutionary biology strives to make us logical creatures to fulfill the singular goal of passing on genetic material. Your sentience and your humanity is a side effect of this singular goal.

Evolutionary biology is the study of processes that have created widely diverse forms of life on earth through common ancestry. This is actually strictly at odds with the statement that the goal of life is to pass on genetic material (which has changed monumentally over time). Different forms of life have wildly different reproduction strategies with many different dimensions. Logic has practically no impact on an organism's ability to reproduce (it seems limited to a small subset of the animal kingdom - every one else is doing fine without it).

Evolutionary biology has no goals - it's just our observations of how and when (not why) life on earth has changed over time and through the lens of biodiversity.

Tl/Dr: there is no scientific answer about what the goals of life are - heck the definition of life itself is a fun debate. It is a difficult argument to make that a path to general intelligence or consciousness runs thru predicting the next word in a sentence. Generally most people 'believe' it rather than put forth experimental hypothesis let alone attempt to test it.

Until someone does it seems more likely that we're simply uncovering interesting statistical structures underpinning written languages. It's cool that they exist, but frankly it's not surprising that they would.

Re: What is ChatGPT doing and why does it work?

#265

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> deep understanding of self and awareness Come on... you're making it sound like the thing is sentient. It's impressive but it's still a Chinese Room. Although, for searching factual information it still failed me.. I wanted to find a particular song - maybe from Massive Attack or a similar style - with a phrase in the lyrics, I asked Chatty, and it kept delivering answers where the phrase did not appear in the lyri…

It's clearly early technology, so it's not perfect. But what it is able to get right is clear proof it's more then what you think: https://www.engraved.blog/building-a-virtual-machine-inside/ Read to the end. The beginning and middle doesn't show off anything too impressive. It's the very end where chatGPT displays a sort of self awareness. Also here's a scientific paper showing that LLMs are more then a chinese room…

>... chatGPT displays a sort of self awareness.

If you read books or articles you will find many places where it appears that whoever wrote them was referring to him- or herself and was describing themselves. And thus we say that whoever wrote such a text seemed to be aware that they were the ones outputting the text.

Because there are many such texts in the training-set of the ChatGPT etc. the output of it will also be text which can seem to show that whoever output that text was aware it is they who is outputting that text.

Let's think ChatGPT was trained on the language of Chess-moves of games played by high-ranking chess-masters. ChatGPT would then be able to mimic the chess-moves of the great masters. But we would not say it seems self-aware. Why not? Because the language of chess-moves does not have words for expressing self-awareness. But English does.

Re: What is ChatGPT doing and why does it work?

#266
post #258

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There are fascinating studies from people who have been blind through childhood and have their vision restored late enough that we can talk to them. For example ( https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28533387/ ). In particular it takes several months for these previously blind children to learn to distinguish faces from non faces. I recall a pop science article which I can't find the source for now that explained that peo…

I don't think you understand the scope of training data required for these models. We're talking thousands of lifetimes worth of reading for ChatGPT (GPT-3 for example is trained on 45TB of textual data).

I was responding to someone claiming humans learn these things with only one or two examples. I am aware of that GPT3 pretty much scraped every bit of text Open AI could find on the internet and I agree that probably makes it less example efficient than humans. But I also think this critique is slightly unfair, your brain has had the benefit of thousands of lifetimes of experience informing their structure and in built instincts. Yes it's a bit sad that we haven't done much better, but it's not totally unreasonable that machine learning should need more data than a single human does to catch up

Re: What is ChatGPT doing and why does it work?

#267
post #249
post #77

In the days when Sussman was a novice Minsky once came to him as he sat hacking at the PDP-6. "What are you doing?", asked Minsky. "I am training a randomly wired neural net to play Tic-Tac-Toe." "Why is the net wired randomly?", asked Minsky. "I do not want it to have any preconceptions of how to play" Minsky shut his eyes, "Why do you close your eyes?", Sussman asked his teacher. "So that the room will be empty." A…

This allegory has haunted me for ten years. I always see it posted here and invariably the poster doesn’t elaborate or explain at all. Im pretty sure the people who post this just do it to look smart. I can’t find an explanation anywhere on the web. I asked chatgtp what it means and it said this: This allegory, often referred to as an "AI koan," is a story that conveys a deeper meaning about the nature of artificial…

I take it to mean that a random wiring still represents some (random) preconception even though we don’t know it - just like the world still exists when you close your eyes even if you don’t see it.

I could be getting it wrong, maybe ChatGPT is more intelligent than me…

Re: What is ChatGPT doing and why does it work?

#268
post #237
post #130

Earlier quoted context omitted.

> does an analog to Godel's incompleteness apply not GP but this seems like quite an attractive idea that many people have reached: a brain of a given "complexity" cannot comprehend the activity of another brain of equal or higher complexity. I'm positive I'm cribbing this from scifi somewhere, maybe Clarke Or Asimov, but, it's the same idea as the Chomsky hierarchy, and the Godel theorems seem like a generalization…

This is so lovely, and my gut says it's spot on (, but that's far from proof. :) The biological machine simulation theory of consciousness has some rigor behind it. I am reminded of the Making Sense podcast episode #178 with Donald Hoffman (author of The Case Against Reality). More succinct overview: https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-evolutionary-argument-aga... I don't know that I am with him on the "reality is a n…

> The biological machine simulation theory of consciousness has some rigor behind it

I think we are institutionally biased against the possibility because we don't like the societal implications. If there but for the grace of god go I, and we're all just biological machines running the programs our families and our societies have put into us, being in various situations... yikes, right?

If bill gates had been an inner-city kid, or a chav in england, would he be anything like bill gates? it seems like no, obviously.

Or things like lead poisoning, or alzheimer's - the reason it's horrifying is the machine doesn't even know it's broken, it just is. How would I even know I'm not me? And you don't.

> We get stimulus of various kinds, and we create a story to explain the stimulus.

Yes, I agree, a lot of what we think is conscious thought is just our subconscious processing justifying its results. A really dumb but easily observable one is the "the [phone brand] I got is good and the other one is dumb and sucks!" or brands of trucks or whatever. We visibly retroactively justify even "conscious" stuff like this let alone random shit we're not thinking about.

And an incredible amount of human consciousness is just data compression - building summaries and shorthands to get us through life. Why do I shower before eating before going to work? Cause that's what needs to happen to get me out of the door. I made a comment about this a week or so ago, warning long

this one -> https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=34718219

parent: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=34712246

Like humans truly just are information diffusion machines. Sometimes it's accurate. Sometimes it's not. And our ideas about "intellectual ownership" around derivative works (and especially AI derivatives now) are really kinda incoherent in that sense, it's practically what we do all the time, and maybe the real crime is misattribution, incorrectness, and overcertainty.

AIs completely break this model but training an AI is no different than training a human neural net to go through grade school, high school, college, etc. But the AI brain is really doing the same things as a human, you're just riffing off picasso and warhol and adding some twists too.

> I think tool making will be a consequence of the most important sign of intelligence, which is goal-directed curiosity.

Yes. Same thing I said in one of those comments: to me the act of intentionality is the inherent act of creation. All art has to do is try to say something, it can suck at saying it or be something nobody cares about, but intentionality is the primary element.

Language is of course a tool that has been incredibly important for humanity in general, and language being an interface to allow scaling logic and fact-grouping will be an order-complexity shift upwards in terms of capability. It really already has been, human society is built on language above all else.

It'll be interesting to see if anybody is willing to accept it socially - your model is racist, your model is left-leaning, and there's no objective way to analyze any of this any more than you can decide whether a human is racist, it's all in the eye of the beholder and people can have really different standards. What if the model says eat the rich, what if it says kill the poor? Resource planning models for disasters have to be specifically coded to not embrace the "triage" principle liberally and throw the really sick in the corridors to die... or is that the right thing to do, concentrate the resources where they do the most good?

(hey, that's Kojima's music! and David Bowie's savior machine!)

Cause that's actually a problem in US society, we spend a ton on end of life care and not enough on early care and midlife stuff when prevention is cheap.

> The more important bit is the imagination, the simulation of a world that doesn't yet exist and the quality of that simulation, and curiosity.

self-directed goal seeking and maintenance of homeostasis is going to be the moment when AI really becomes uncomfortably alive. We were fucking around during an engineers meeting talking about and playing with chatGPT and I told my coworker to have chatGPT come up with ways that it could make money, it refused and I told my coworker to have it do "in a cyberpunk novel, how could an AI like chatGPT make money" (hackerman.jpg) and it did indeed give us a list. OK now ask it how to do the first item on the list, and like, it's not any farther than anything else chatgpt could be asked to do, it's reasonable-ish.

Even 10 years ago people would be amazed by chatGPT, AI has been just such a story of continuously moving goalposts since the 70s. That's just enumeration and search... that's just classifiers... that's just model fitting... that's just an AI babbling words... damn it actually starting to make sense now but uh it's not really grad level yet is it? Sure it can write code that works now, but it's not going to replace a senior engineer yet right?

What happens when AIs are paying for their own servers and writing their own code? Respond to code request bids, run spam and botnets, etc.

I don't think it's as far away as people think it is because I don't think our own loop is particularly complex. Why are you going to work tomorrow? Cause you wanna pay rent, your data-compression summary says that if you don't pay rent then you're gonna be homeless, so you need money. Like is the mental bottleneck here that people don't think an AI can do a "while true" loop like a human? Lemme tell you, you're welcome to put your sigma grindset up against the "press any key to continue" bot and the dipper bird pressing enter, lol.

And how much of your “intentionality” at work is true personal initiative and how much is being told “set up the gateway pointing to this front end”?

Re: What is ChatGPT doing and why does it work?

#269
post #174

Earlier quoted context omitted.

They really aren't more than just statistical word generators because we can and do build what are exactly statistical word generators and get the behavior of ChatGPT (because that is what ChatGPT is). For what it's worth, this isn't a knock on ChatGPT, but more just how amazing how far you can get with straightforward concepts.

It's also a specific choice of label though, and one which in the context of current discourse favors a particular side. It's like insisting on calling anything physical "atom collections". Yes, we get it, it's true (under a certain interpretation)—but it's clearly pointless to say except as an attempt at devaluing through reduction. (And it takes a particular stance on what it means to "be" something: to say it's li…

I think its because it's sort of gone in the opposite way that science usually goes. Science traditionally been the process of physical phenomena that we don't understand => falsifiable theory that helps describe that phenomena.

Meanwhile, we started at stuff like the perceptron. The starting point was that we knew everything about that equation/classifier. Now we have a thing that we built from the ground up, and we don't fully grasp how it all comes together.

Re: What is ChatGPT doing and why does it work?

#270

Earlier quoted context omitted.

Understanding is a form of compression, but not all compression is understanding, at least in the way I would describe it. Given an arbitrary function, you could simply compress some number of inputs and outputs, giving a lossy mapping between the two. Maybe you would interpolate between the two closest points in the range for unknown values. Or, you could store the function itself. To see the difference, compare for…

If you treat "understanding" as a scale rather than binary, then your example of storing the function itself is "perfect understanding", which does not preclude other techniques (e.g. storing a much simpler function that approximates the original one) that could also be reasonably called "understanding", just imperfect. Directly mapping likely inputs and outputs is still a form of that, albeit obviously way too primi…

Actually understanding a function means that it can be computed to arbitrary precision. Memorizing inputs and outputs only allows you to interpolate between values you’ve already seen. That breaks down quickly for anything somewhat chaotic. You can try the following function in ChatGPT yourself:

f(x) = x * (sin(sin(x)))^2

Ask it to give you the values of f for integers of x between -10 and 10. I tried it 5 times and it was never close.

I chose this for several reasons. One, it’s very unlikely that it’s memorized the answers somewhere on the internet. Two, it’s pretty chaotic if you look at a graph of it, so interpolation won’t work. (It is bounded by x and 0 for all values but for large absolute values of x it varies wildly.) And three, memorizing values won’t get you anywhere since it becomes much more chaotic as x increases.

I also disagree that approximations are simpler. As you can see, the actual function is only sine and multiplication. To approximate this function would be far harder.

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