Earlier quoted context omitted.
Don't know about Norway. But whether fines apply to public institutions is up to the member states, and most member states, including Germany, have decided not to fine their public institutions for GDPR violations.
> have decided not to fine their public institutions for GDPR violations Because they’re too Byzantine to make enforcement practicable, or because they’re not seen as a privacy risk (the government in Germany should know lots about you), or something else?
However, that all leads to the obvious workarounds: the official interpretation is usually the most lenient possible, compliance is put off to some time next century due to lack of personell/budget/willpower. And if something is found to be amiss, the data protection officer may order a government agency to fix whatever is wrong, but can neither fine nor discipline a civil servant. Because disciplining is up to the direct disciplinary superior, which cannot be (due to them being independent) the data protection officer.