The primary issues - root cause - of our systemic faults lie in approximately three places:
1. We are fractured. There is no "healthcare system." That's a singular noun. We have a marketplace: that means things like three top-tier specialty centers in walking distance of each other in some areas, and nothing at all in others. About 90% of our problems derive from this. As do a number of our strengths (if you're in Boston, you should never have to wait more than two weeks for a colonoscopy. Ever.)
1a. The healthcare "system" is not equivalent to hospitals. Hospitals are a single strain of profit-seeking enterprise (non-profit hospitals are the same shit.) People keep confusing the two, resulting in advocacy for policies that just concentrate power harder into the hands of a few, massive, corporations.
2. We are bipolar. A huge, huge proportion of our healthcare dollars flows from medicare. A large portion of our people are uninsured or underinsured. The result is that healthcare operations are built (generally) around Medicare's billing practices and needs - that's what you optimize on to stay afloat. This means when someone uninsured comes in, though, they're thrown into an operational flow for which they're barely an after-thought. Prices set as a negotiation point with private insurers are brought to bear against uninsured people - and they get nailed with ridiculous, unpredictable prices that have nothing to do with... almost anything. These people either need to be brought under the umbrella of contracted rates (Medicare For All), or I don't know what. You're not going to convince an organization with operating margins 3. Unfunded Mandates. Every policy change pushed through our healthcare system is perceived as targeting "those wealthy doctors" (doctor != hospital != healthcare system). Most docs I know drive a Nissan Altima or a Camry - they're middle-class cogs buried under debt. But the stereotype makes a good excuse for pushing policy changes and then not allocating money to accomplishing them. Which means every policy change fractures the system further apart socioeconomically - you have wealthy-client practices that can afford to stop taking insurance, opt-out of Medicare, and thus avoid all these unfunded mandates... and then you have everyone else. Which puts basically everyone but hospitals out of business, because only hospitals have the capital and the scale to be able to meet the new requirements. You think FB likes privacy regs because it builds a moat? Hospitals don't just get moats, they basically get to buy up every small practice in the area at cost. Your local PCP is small and nimble enough to say "oh, you're uninsured? Fuck it, $40." It's the hospital that says, "Oh, we'll send you a bill later," and then ho boy, get ready. This also includes getting docs who are super-bought into the status quo: "We profited off charging you hundreds of thousands in tuition. We sold the idea that you'd be set afterwards, and could just be a good doctor. Turns out that while paying off your loans, you're just middle-middle-class, after having been impoverished into your 30s. And now, for the good of society, we'd like to cut your income by another 20%, while asking you to continue working like a madman. No, we will not offer you one penny of federal loan forgiveness, even though it is the federal government that is gutting your income. In fact, we won't even let you declare bankruptcy - that's cause for revoking your license." Yeah, docs are going to buck really hard against most changes in hc reimbursement. Even so, look at organizations like Doctors For America - a shit ton of docs still agitate for reform, for the good of their nation, if not the good of their own pocket. A related point is the "shortage" of docs: training positions in hospitals are funded by the federal government. Funding which barely crawls. "We have a doctor shortage!" "Will you open new training positions?" "No." "Then..." "No worries, we'll have nurses take some night classes, skip the entirety of actual residency training, and then we can call them doctors, too! We'll just confuse people by telling them they're going to see 'providers', and that way we can avoid paying doctors for doctoring."
There's a lot of other headline bullet points, but most issues in American healthcare boil down to an interaction of the above three.
edit: I should add, big picture, that healthcare isn't magically divorced from the rest of our social ills. As wealth inequality grows, bear in mind two things: (1) wealth correlates to health, and disease burden to correlates to poverty, (2) people can still vote themselves healthcare allocation (i.e., medicaid). The result is that increasingly more disease is concentrated among the increasingly impoverished, which means they're legislatively allocating themselves healthcare ... without the resources to pay for it. Whether or not you like or dislike any of the above, a lot of our issues with hc reimbursement are linked - directly or indirectly - to questions of wealth inequality. Adjusted for inflation, most docs have seen their real income stagnating, hard, for decades - and that's specifically as a result of trying to cheapen them, because they're increasingly paid for with redistributed tax dollars rather than anyone actually buying healthcare.