Earlier quoted context omitted.
No search engine is refreshing every website every minute. Most websites don't update frequently, and if you poll them more than once every month, your crawler will get blocked incredibly fast. The problem of being able to provide fresh results is best solved by having different tiers of indices, one for frequently updating content, and one for slowly updating content with a weekly or monthly cadence. You can get a l…
See also: IndexNow [1], a protocol used by Bing, Naver, Yandex, Seznam, and Yep where sites can ping one of these search engines when a page is updated and all others will be immediately notified. Unfortunately it does seem somewhat closed as to requirements for joining as a search engine. [1]: https://www.indexnow.org/
1: https://www.iana.org/assignments/well-known-uris/well-known-...