Earlier quoted context omitted.
> Zero is a natural number. It is in the axioms of Peano arithmetic, and any other definition is just teachers choosing a taxonomy that best fits their lesson. It is, but it need not be. In the category of pointed sets with endofunctor, (Z_{\ge 1}, 1, ++) and (Z_{\ge 0}, 0, ++) are isomorphic (to each other, to (Z_{\ge 937}, 937, ++), and to any number of other absurd models), so either would do equally well as a mod…
I may be misunderstanding your argument, but if it's that of a simple offset, then only the one starting from 0 forms a monoid (a group without an inverse to each element). Though, of course, you could redefine the + operation...
Yes, agreed, there is other algebraic structure that can tell the difference, but Peano arithmetic by itself cannot.