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Making glass-to-metal seals for home­made vacuum tubes

maurycyz.com

21–30 of 51 posts

Re: Making glass-to-metal seals for home­made vacuum tubes

#21
post #3

Hmmmm. Wonder if you could just induct through the glass with coils on each side? Seems perfect for high voltage applications?

That depends. Often vacuum tubes are used with DC (that is a rectifier) in some form though, in which case you can't do this since induction depends on AC. I'm not sure what purpose the article had for a triode though, depending on their application this might work.

Re: Making glass-to-metal seals for home­made vacuum tubes

#23
post #3

Hmmmm. Wonder if you could just induct through the glass with coils on each side? Seems perfect for high voltage applications?

If you want a gas discharge tube and not vacuum, you can even drop the coil on the inside: https://hackaday.io/project/194683-plasma-toroid-sky-guided-...

But most hollow-state devices run on either DC or pulses, so coupled inductors wouldn't work.

Re: Making glass-to-metal seals for home­made vacuum tubes

#24
post #9

Earlier quoted context omitted.

As mentioned in TFA, the most important factor for successfully joining a metal and a glass is to match their thermal expansion coefficients. Most pure metals have a much greater thermal expansion than any glass, which will cause cracks. In the nineteenth century, the first successful joinings of metal with glass were done using platinum, but that is obviously too expensive for normal applications. Eventually a speci…

Ordinary incandescent bulbs must have similar sealing requirements, but they probably mostly rely on using a thin conductor that doesn't contract much when it cools. Also IIRC modern incandescent bulbs do not use a high vacuum but contain a low pressure inert gas so leakage would be slower if it occurs at all.

Incandescent bulbs used dumet/platinite, which is an nickel-iron alloy like kovar except it's turned for a different CTE. This stuff isn't that expensive when mass produced - it's just those who can afford usually borosilicate can afford paying a premium for kovar.

Re: Making glass-to-metal seals for home­made vacuum tubes

#25
One thing about gallium/galinstan - it would actually make a descent high vacuum seal as it has lowest vapor pressure of all elements - so it doesn't evaporate. The problem is that it sticks to just about everything that isn't PE/PTFE. Galinstan thermometers use some proprietary coating to make glass repel it.

I was once entertaining the idea of using gallium for an electrostatically or MHD boosted Sprengel pump, but figured out sticking would make it infeasible. And now it's unobitanium too.

Re: Making glass-to-metal seals for home­made vacuum tubes

#26
post #15

Earlier quoted context omitted.

I was under the impression that they were only made in eastern Europe at this point, former bloc nations. Even then, the demand must be microscopic at this point.

xray, photomultiplier and laser tubes are still SOTA. PM tubes in particular have a huge number of glass feed through for the intermediate plate voltages.

Musical instrument amplifiers still use them as well, at least some of them.

Re: Making glass-to-metal seals for home­made vacuum tubes

#27
> For the seal, this is a good thing: less metal means less expansion

But power tubes need to pass some decent amounts of plate current through some of the pins. Even small signal tubes have considerable current going through the heater filaments; you don't want hookup wires for that which are like metallic spider silk.

Re: Making glass-to-metal seals for home­made vacuum tubes

#28

I was wondering about the feasibilty of this, but I thought that useful tubes needed a harder vacuum than that. Is this really "good enough" for a triode? I figured the wire-holding/element-holding aspect of a standard tube was in the base, and the glass-to-base seal is the important part. You can have a less-hot metal holding the filament and penetrating through the base. But I haven't looked carefully. These are my…

> "good enough"

Probably not. The classic fix is a "getter".[1]

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getter

Re: Making glass-to-metal seals for home­made vacuum tubes

#29
If we're talking homemade vacuum tubes... I wonder if it wouldn't be easier to just use metal endplates with feedthroughs for electrical (like spark-plugs) and with v-grooves for o-rings or some other gasket material. this kind of construction can handle vacuum easily, I think?
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