Relatedly, has anyone seen tooling or approaches to calculate shadows behind particular hills and mountains, depending on the season and time of day? The sunset calculation for Boulder Colorado is quite inaccurate as we are in the foothills with mountains to the west. I've been pondering how to calculate this precisely.
You would basically want to calculate the solar altitude angle (or, equivalently the zenith angle): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_zenith_angle
Given the mountains, the sun would appear to set when it descends below some altitude angle. Given the equation in the wikipedia article you'd then just solve for the hour angle. (You'd then have to use your latitude to convert the local solar time to Mountain Standard Time.)