"promotion is more about consistent level N+1 behavior, while one could get a high performance rating by solving many level N problems." Not all companies are like this, and I find it common that new employees are not sufficiently taught what their company is like : A) you have been performing well as N,promotion means "we feel / hope you're ready to work as N+1 in the future " B) you've done great as N and have repe…
I've seen B cause issues for great devs. It seems like if you're an ok or good dev with management qualities you're much more likely to get promoted than if you're a fantastic dev with management qualities. You're too important to delegate management tasks to, so you never get the required experience to move up.
the idea that there's no path for ICs beyond management is insulting and degrading to the hard working creatives and engineers out there. Don't give up there's a place for you, you just need to look a LOT harder and in places you wouldn't expect. Play the numbers its a statistics game.