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This seems very high - I'd call in to question the validity of the diagnosis (these diagnoses are obviously somewhat subjective). Given that those numbers are for the total cohort, that suggests that something like a full half of the upper third of children were diagnosed with ADHD.
How does one exposed to acetaminophen?
Interesting and I wonder if it has to do with that finding that Tylenol is a generalized emotion suppressant [1]. [1] https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/12/04/5677620...
Maybe not that specifically, but there is growing evidence that acetaminophen has pretty serious effects on adult brain function.
Earlier quoted context omitted.
source/explanation?
It is understandably considered unethical to carry out drug safety research on pregnant mothers due to the risk to the child, so almost all medicines are considered unsafe as there is no ethical way to prove otherwise.
[1] argues that ASD lacks validity – in other words, "ASD" is not something which actually exists in nature, it is simply a largely arbitrary grouping of symptoms, and those symptoms have a diverse array of unrelated causes. Given this, [1] argues that the use of the ASD diagnosis as a basis for research should be abandoned. Instead, researchers should look for the causes and associations of each individual symptom i…
Mental disorder diagnostics are all 'Design by committee'. People get together and vote and they are argue and they create categorizations based on that. They do their compromises every time they need to update the book.
Diagnosis is then based on observed behavior and interviews. They don't do some sort of blood test, MRI scans, or X-rays or any other kind of medical diagnosis. Yeah, sure, there is some sort of questionable neuroimaging scan they can do, but none of that stuff ever gets used to actually diagnose people.
In terms of a science it's much closer to the 'sociology' side of things then 'search for the cure for cancer'.
The original purpose of DSM was so that psychologists and the lot have categorizations handy for filling out claims with patient's insurance. It's a lot easier to convince insurance companies to pay for treatments when the diagnosis is 'Attention deficit disorder' rather then 'Little Timmy is having a hard time sitting still in class and occasionally gets completely out of control'.
That doesn't mean these disorders don't exist or that DSM diagnoses are invalid or useless. It just means that it's all a bit 'hand wavy'.
Interesting thing I learned from a European nurse when my Dad was in the hospital: What is called "Acetaminophen" in North America is called "Paracetamol" in Europe. Anyone know why this is?
Both acetaminophen and paracetamol come from a chemical name for the compound: para-acetylaminophenol and para-acetylaminophenol.
[1] argues that ASD lacks validity – in other words, "ASD" is not something which actually exists in nature, it is simply a largely arbitrary grouping of symptoms, and those symptoms have a diverse array of unrelated causes. Given this, [1] argues that the use of the ASD diagnosis as a basis for research should be abandoned. Instead, researchers should look for the causes and associations of each individual symptom i…
The same can be said of probably most disorders listed in the DSM. Mental disorder diagnostics are all 'Design by committee'. People get together and vote and they are argue and they create categorizations based on that. They do their compromises every time they need to update the book. Diagnosis is then based on observed behavior and interviews. They don't do some sort of blood test, MRI scans, or X-rays or any othe…
True. Although, it is plausible that some DSM-5 disorders may have greater validity issues than others, and ASD may be one of those disorders with greater-than-average validity issues. The paper I cited built an extensive case, based on 14 separate research findings, to support the conclusion that ASD lacks validity. I wouldn't presume that if you repeated the same exercise for some other DSM-5 disorder you'd necessarily get an equally negative result.
> The original purpose of DSM was so that psychologists and the lot have categorizations handy for filling out claims with patient's insurance.
Which makes its use in research especially questionable. And this is part of why NIMH announced back in 2013 [1] that they were shifting research funding away from research based on DSM categories. If research based on the DSM-5 is dubious, then funding such research is not a good use of limited research funding resources. (It is worth noting this study was funded by NICHD not NIMH; I'd question whether NIMH would fund a study like this given its current funding criteria.)
> That doesn't mean these disorders don't exist or that DSM diagnoses are invalid or useless. It just means that it's all a bit 'hand wavy'.
What do you mean by "invalid"? If by "valid" one means biological validity and/or construct validity, then the whole point of the paper I cited was to argue that ASD lacks both forms of validity, and hence that in those senses of "valid", the diagnosis of ASD is invalid.
[1] https://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/directors/thomas-insel/blog/2...
Interesting thing I learned from a European nurse when my Dad was in the hospital: What is called "Acetaminophen" in North America is called "Paracetamol" in Europe. Anyone know why this is?
Not just in Europe, actually in most of the world. The international standard name (International Nonproprietary Name or INN approved by the WHO) is paracetamol. For some drugs, instead of using the international standard name, the United States uses its own alternate naming system, the United States Adopted Name (USAN). A handful of other countries (most notably Canada and Japan) follow the US naming convention and call it acetaminophen too; the vast majority of the planet follows the WHO standard and calls it paracetamol.