Earlier quoted context omitted.
I've noticed from pair programming that the person navigating with a mouse is far less able to read and interpret their surroundings or pick up typos while typing, than an observer that simply has to watch what the other person is doing. Like when clicking on a file in a directory you just entered and looking for the file, the observer can literally locate and point to the file for the mouse user 5-10x faster than th…
I think this is because writing software is so much more than operating switches and controls. I really hate pair programming for this reason, but I love industrial-style controls and protocols involving multiple people.
I accidentally learned when teaching a course at a site with too many people for the available machines, that pair exercises was very effective - I got lots more questions and overall learning went way up. If the pair discussed it and couldn't find an answer they would have the confidence to ask. On their own, neither would probably bother and just wait for me to go through things.