Google is no saint, but there's absolutely no reason to ascribe ill intent to collecting phone numbers of 2FA setup. The reason is simple: Google has billions of users, and at any given time, a lot of them break their devices and lose access to 2FA credentials. Phone numbers, despite all their flaws, are still the most reliable long-term and mostly-immutable attributes which can service as a proxy for identity which…
This is an explanation for why Google might ask for phone numbers. This is not an explanation for why Google might require phone numbers. The only valid reasons for the latter are (1) to collect your PII and/or (2) because they think that they know better than you and they're going to force you to do a thing because they think it's in your best interests - in other words, a tyrant ruling over a techno-feudalistic soc…
It adds an external cost to creating an account. I imagine this is incredibly valuable in fighting spam across all of their services. No coincidence, the phone number requirement is the only reason I don't have several disposable twitter, Facebook, and Google accounts.