Google Gemini tried to kill me

I don't think the study that you're asking for is likely to ever be performed. Even if the interior of an intact clove of garlic is free of botulism, pest damage, rough peeling, etc. might introduce it there. The goal of typical processing is to make the food uniformly safe, without relying on the initial distribution of the pathogens. For example, that's why the acidification method linked above applies only to chopped garlic, to ensure the acid penetrates all the way through.

The caramelized bits of roasted garlic almost certainly reached temperatures far above 121 C. The concern is the minimum temperature though, not just the surface temperature.

I'm not sure how your analogy with chicken is supposed to work. If you cooked chicken, submerged it in oil, and then incubated at room temperature for a few days, then I definitely wouldn't eat that either. The problem isn't the initial population of C. botulinum; it's that they multiply under the anaerobic conditions of the oil.

Likewise, I'm not sure what you think is wrong with their advice on the acidified garlic. The botulism simply won't grow at low pH, no matter how long you wait. The taste and texture will eventually become disgusting, but that's not a safety concern.

You seem to have the idea that cooking fully sterilizes food. That's not correct; it decreases the population of pathogens, but not to zero. So the cooking potentially makes the food safe to consume immediately (since the dose makes the poison, and the dose is very small). But if the food is incubated under conditions where the bacteria can grow, then the dose gets exponentially bigger and the food becomes unsafe. Methods that rely on perfect sterility (like pressure canning) achieve that by applying heat when the food is already in a closed container, and are assumed to lose that sterility once the container is opened.

Water-free garlic in oil should be safe at room temperature, and that publication gives directions for dried garlic in oil. I'd guess that confit would be safe too, and I'm not sure why you think the FDA would forbid it. (Note that it would be safe because of the low water activity, meaning that even if botulism spores are present they can't multiply. It would not be safe because it's "sanitized".)

Which Gemini was used is important too btw. - just tried Gemini-1.5-pro and it was working just fine. So I really think the newer versions of LLMs are able to catch this.

yet another tale of internet illiteracy.

even if you believe that llm can think/recall/etc. you should be vary of the information on the web, as part of internet literacy 101. especially with things that affect your health.

> I'm not sure how your analogy with chicken is supposed to work. If you cooked chicken, submerged it in oil, and then incubated at room temperature for a few days, then I definitely wouldn't eat that either. The problem isn't the initial population of C. botulinum; it's that they multiply under the anaerobic conditions of the oil.

Let me spell out the analogy: The problem with chicken isn't long-term presence of a bacteria colony (botulism), it's presence of salmonella. Salmonella doesn't need days to become a problem - it's a problem immediately. Chicken when raw is a great environment for salmonella. Chicken when cooked is a great environment for salmonella - in fact, there are numerous food safety incidents that occur when people use the same utensils on raw and cooked chicken, transferring the bacteria. Hence, the only reason it is safe to eat the cooked chicken is because you kill (enough of) the salmonella during the cooking process.

Conversely, he document you cited makes the claim that raw garlic is a great environment for botulism, and so is roasted garlic, and does not address whether the cooking process kills the bacteria. In fact, it makes the claim by implication that there is no roasting process that kills the bacteria. As far as I can tell, these claims are made without any actual experiment, and it is simply enough that the environments before and after processing are good for harboring the bug.

> As far as I can tell, these claims are made without any actual experiment, and it is simply enough that the environments before and after processing are good for harboring the bug.

Correct--processes are unsafe until proven safe. Would you stand under a bridge designed by an engineer who believed otherwise?

And the effort to prove that a process step actually kills all pathogens (including those that survive at temperatures well above 100 C) across all possible input material is big. So the return on that investment usually isn't there, especially when the safe alternative is trivial--heat gently to infuse, then refrigerate, or acidify or pressure-can for a commercial product.

The principles that you're rejecting are the reason why Americans now rarely suffer from foodborne illnesses that used to be a routine, unpleasant, and occasionally lethal part of life (and still are in many developing countries). As with many public health measures, they seem to be victims of their own success, delivering extraordinary improvements in safety that then deliver public complacency.