One of the things that causes littering is a lack of trash cans or a lack of non-filled trash cans. Not all littering (or throwing recycling in the trash) is done out of pure malice. If you make it easy for people to throw trash out, they generally will. If you make it hard to throw trash out, many will litter. Stronger fines and other enforcement would help, but the first thing is to make sure that you actually have…
Tokyo has very few trash cans yet not much litter. It’s a cultural problem, not an engineering or city planning one.
People do litter here, but there's an army of old people that clean the streets... like this article is suggesting.